Neuropathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Mice

Although severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in humans primarily causes respiratory disease; some patients develop symptoms of neurological disease, such as headache, loss of taste and smell, cognitive dysfunction, and impaired consciousness. In this study, we analyzed the tissue tropism, immune response, and pathology in human ACE2-expressing (hACE2) mice after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Intranasal infection of hACE2 mice with SARS-CoV-2 resulted in a lethal disease with high levels of virus replication in the brain tissue. SARS-CoV-2-infected mice exhibited encephalitis hallmarks characterized by production of cytokines and chemokines, leukocyte infiltration, hemorrhage, and neuronal cell death. SARS-CoV-2 was also found to productively infect cells within the nasal turbinate, eye, and olfactory bulb, suggesting SARS-CoV-2 entry into the brain by this route after intranasal infection. NanoString gene expression analysis was performed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the brains of mice following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Genes that were upregulated after infection were mainly associated with toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling, RIG-I like receptor signaling (RLR) and cell death pathways, while down-regulated genes were associated with neurodegeneration and synaptic signaling pathways. Next, we generated primary neuronal cultures from hACE2 mice to investigate the effects of a SARS-CoV-2 infection. Our data show that neuronal cultures obtained from hACE2 mice are permissive to SARS-CoV-2 infection and support productive virus replication. Like the brain, SARS-CoV-2 infection upregulated the expression of genes involved in innate immunity, inflammation, and necroptosis in the neurons. Because age is a risk factor for COVID-19-related death in humans, we next evaluated the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection in yong and old mice. Our data show that intranasal inoculation of SARS-CoV-2 in the older BALB/c mice resulted in severe disease, as evident by rapid loss of body weight, gross and microscopic pathology of lungs, as well as elevated mRNA levels of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. In addition, our results indicate that a diminished interferon response in the old mice may play a role in severe disease outcome observed in these mice. Together, our data provide new insights into the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection in mice

On the Formal Verification of Petri Net Properties using a Mechanized Proof Checker Approach （プルーフチェッカーシステムを用いたペトリネットの性質の形式的検証について）

信州大学(Shinshu university)博士（工学）ThesisPRATIMA KUMARI　SHAH . On the Formal Verification of Petri Net Properties using a Mechanized Proof Checker Approach （プルーフチェッカーシステムを用いたペトリネットの性質の形式的検証について）. 信州大学, 2014, 博士論文. 博士（工学）, 甲第616号, 平成26年9月30日授与.doctoral thesi

Tourism and community development-A Study on Handicraft Artisans of Odisha

Artisans all ways create a new rethym and driven the world into a sphere of imagination of colours, pattern and beauty. Handicrafts are an important productive sector and export commodity for many developing countries and in some countries constitutes a significant part of the export economy. The growth of international markets for home accessory products and an increased interest in global goods have opened up new-market opportunities for artisans. In India, handicraft industry is a major source of income for rural communities employing over six million artisans including a large number of women and people belonging to the weaker sections of the society. It has been observed that in a poor state like Osisha, Hadicraft industry is one of the everlasting, age old and professional attitude of the rural unemployed women and children for their livelihood. Observation says, Artisans either neglected or they never got proper recognisation from the society. Sometimes even they fail to feed their family and which driven they to go for other categories of labour than promoting the age old traditions of our country. However, observers of the handicrafts sector predict that the escalating number of small businesses turning to handicraft production is unlikely to decline significantly in the future. The present study entails the various problems of the handicraft industry which can be worked upon by the mutual association ship of the Indian government, State government and the handicraft exporters in order to boost and promote the traditional sector

Universal adjacency spectrum of (proper) power graphs and their complements on some groups

The power graph $\mathscr{P}(G)$ of a group $G$ is an undirected graph with all the elements of $G$ as vertices and where any two vertices $u$ and $v$ are adjacent if and only if $u=v^m$ or $v=u^m$, $m \in$ $\mathbb{Z}$. For a simple graph $H$ with adjacency matrix $A(H)$ and degree diagonal matrix $D(H)$, the universal adjacency matrix is $U(H)= \alpha A(H)+\beta D(H)+ \gamma I +\eta J$, where $\alpha (\neq 0), \beta, \gamma, \eta \in \mathbb{R}$, $I$ is the identity matrix and $J$ is the all-ones matrix of suitable order. One can study many graph-associated matrices, such as adjacency, Laplacian, signless Laplacian, Seidel etc. in a unified manner through the universal adjacency matrix of a graph. Here we study universal adjacency eigenvalues and eigenvectors of power graphs, proper power graphs and their complements on the group $\mathbb{Z}_n$, dihedral group ${D}_n$, and the generalized quaternion group ${Q}_n$. Spectral results of no kind for the complement of power graph on any group were obtained before. We determine the full spectrum in some particular cases. Moreover, several existing results can be obtained as very specific cases of some results of the paper

Descriptive audit of maternal sepsis in a tertiary care centre of North India

Background: Maternal sepsis is one of the leading causes of maternal mortality around the world. The aim of this study was to study the prevalence, clinical profile and fetomaternal outcome of maternal sepsis at a dedicated Obstetric critical care unit of a tertiary care centre of North India. It was retrospective study conducted in tertiary care centre in North IndiaMethods: Women diagnosed as sepsis or septic shock at any point in pregnancy and up to 6 weeks postpartum (irrespective of the source of infection) were included in the study. Demographic, clinical, microbiological and outcome data were recorded from the case sheets of all patients admitted in obstetrical critical care unit between January to December 2016. Outcome measures: Prevalence, bacterial organism, source of infection, mode of delivery, period of gestation, maternal and fetal outcome.Results: The prevalence of maternal sepsis was 16.5/10,000 live births. The number of maternal deaths attributable to sepsis were 35, making the maternal mortality ratio due to sepsis 128/100,000 live births. 87% of the cases were unbooked. 22% presented antenatally while 58% were postpartum and 20% were postabortal. Genital tract infection was most common source of infection. E. coli was the predominant organism in 28% followed by Methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus in 12%. The mortality from sepsis was very high (78%). 54% of cases required mechanical ventilation and around 7% had to be shifted to intensive care unit for advanced life support and care. Sepsis was associated with preterm delivery and a high perinatal mortality rate.Conclusions: Early recognition of the severity of infection and prompt management by a multidisciplinary team of intensivists, anesthetists, neonatologists, obstetrician, midwives are the key to success. Vigilant infection control measures must be strictly practiced during all pregnancy events

Obstetric and neonatal outcomes of the pregnancies complicated with thrombocytopenia

Background: Thrombocytopenia is second most common hematological abnormality in pregnancy after anemia (Incidence 8-10%). The aim of this study is to observe the obstetric and neonatal outcomes of pregnancies complicated with thrombocytopenia and to compare its maternal and fetal outcomes.Methods: The prospective observational study was conducted at tertiary care institute over period of one and half year and 100 cases of thrombocytopenia in present pregnancy were included after fulfilling inclusion and exclusion criteria and obtaining written informed valid consent. Complete history, physical examination and relevant investigations of the patient were documented. Patients were followed up to delivery and outcomes (obstetric, maternal, fetal, neonatal) were studied. The data obtained for all the patients was analyzed with SPSS (SPSS Inc, Chicago) software packages. Statistical comparisons were performed with Pearson’s Chi- square where appropriate with p-value of 37 weeks of gestation. Most (53%) had moderate thrombocytopenia. Incidence of maternal complications was statically significant (P-value 0.038) with most common complication being caesarian section site oozing (9%) followed by placental abruption (4%). There was no statistical significance in degree of thrombocytopenia and need for blood and blood product transfusion (P-value 0.67). Only (2%) neonates of thrombocytopenic mothers had thrombocytopenia and both required treatment.Conclusions: Most common cause of thrombocytopenia in pregnancy was gestational thrombocytopenia with uneventful pregnancy and perinatal outcomes. Few severe cases associated with medical or systematic causes leads to serious catastrophic events which can be avoided by increasing antenatal surveillance and appropriate management by multidisciplinary team of obstetrician, hematologist, anesthesiologist, neonatologist and physician

Perception of Educational Environment among Nursing Students of Different Colleges: A Cross- Sectional Study

Introduction: Learners are key figures for whom the provision and perception of positive, progressive and encouraging interactive educational environment at any educational institution is very crucial. The study aimed to find the perception of nursing students of two different medical colleges regarding their educational environment. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted among 190 students through the use of internationally validated, non-culturally specific questionnaire. The responses were made on five points Likert scale scored from 0 to 4. The overall score was interpreted as very poor, plenty of problems, more positive than negative and excellent based on obtained score of 0-50, 51-100, 101-150 and 151-200 respectively. Descriptive statistics and one way analysis of variance test was used to analyze the collected data. Results: There were 98 (51.6%) participants from College of Medical Sciences and 92 (48.4%) from Lumbini Medical College and Teaching Hospital. The overall score of perception of educational environment were 142.13±14.90 (74.64%) and 144.34±15.59 (76.14%) in the two centers respectively which means more positive than negative perceptions. Only nature of accommodation was found statistically significant with students’ perception of teachers (p = 0.014). Conclusion: Majority opined a more positive than negative perception towards educational environment. Good communication skills of teachers, knowledgeable teachers, teaching to develop their competence level were some positive perceptions. Whereas, teachers being authoritarian, focus on short term and factual learning, lack of support system were the areas which could be improved

Thoracopagus conjoined twin: an unusual presentation

Conjoined twins are among rare clinical conditions observed by obstetricians. Due to rare incidence of this condition there is general lack of knowledge among obstetricians, especially at primary care level which leads to missed diagnosis during antenatal period. The management of this condition is complex especially in cases where the diagnosis is not known before onset of labour. A 30 - year old Hindu lady was referred to us from other hospital with diagnosis of twin pregnancy and prolonged second stage of labour. Clinical examination revealed findings of ruptured uterus and foetal head of one baby and feet of second baby were outside the introitus. Emergency laparotomy was done which revealed conjoined twins. This article report clinical course of a thoracopagus conjoined twin. The relevant literature is also reviewed.

A Scoping Review and Preliminary Illustrative Analysis of Biomarkers in Stress-Related Psychiatric Illness: Diagnostic and Prognostic Implications

Stress is the body's response to any changes that might place it under mental, emotional, or physical strain and could either demand attention or prompt action. A stress reaction can be brought on by both internal and external factors. The conditions, demands, issues, and expectations you deal with every day are all regarded as external influences, as are your physical surroundings, your job, your contacts with others, your family, and all other related factors. The ability of your body to respond to and handle external stimuli depends on internal factors. Your ability to handle stress is influenced internally by your food habits, level of general health and fitness, mental health, and the amount of sleep and rest you get. Such demanding conditions could affect how certain stress hormone levels are regulated. Biomarkers such as mGlu2/3, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), serum alpha-amylase, amygdala reactivity, neuropeptide Y (NPY), heat shock proteins, cortisol, and catecholamines are used to assess the hormone imbalance. Disease prevention, early detection, and therapy are all possible uses for biomarkers. In this review, we looked at a wide range of stress-related biomarkers that might cause different psychiatric illnesses and how those conditions can, over time, alter a person's lifestyle